Governor

A governor, or speed limiter, is a device used to

measure and regulate the speed of a machine,
such as an engine. A classic example is the
centrifugal governor, also known as the Watt or flyball governor, which uses weights mounted on
spring-loaded arms to determine how fast a shaft is
spinning, and then uses proportional control to
regulate the shaft speed.

History
Centrifugal governors were used to regulate the
distance

and

pressure

between

millstones

in

windmills since the 17th century. Early steam

engines employed a purely reciprocating motion,
and were used for pumping water an application
that could tolerate variations in the working speed.
It was not until the Scottish engineer James Watt
introduced the rotative steam engine, for driving
factory machinery, that a constant operating speed
became necessary. Between the years 1775 and
1800,

Watt,

in

partnership

with

industrialist

Matthew Boulton, produced some 500 rotative

beam engines. At the heart of these engines was
Watts self-designed "conical pendulum" governor:
a set of revolving steel balls attached to a vertical
spindle by link arms, where the controlling force
consists of the weight of the balls.
The theoretical basis for the operation of governors
was described by James Clerk Maxwell in 1868 in
his seminal paper 'On Governors'.Building on
Watts design was American engineer Willard Gibbs
who in 1872 theoretically analyzed Watts conical
3

pendulum governor from a mathematical energy

balance perspective. During his Graduate school
years at Yale University, Gibbs observed that the
operation of the device in practice was beset with
the disadvantages of sluggishness and a tendency
to overcorrect for the changes in speed it was
supposed to control.[1]
Gibbs theorized that, analogous to the equilibrium
of the simple Watt governor (which depends on the
balancing of two torques: one due to the weight of
the "balls" and the other due to their rotation),
thermodynamic equilibrium for any work producing
thermodynamic system depends on the balance of
two entities. The first is the heat energy supplied to
the intermediate substance, and the second is the
work

energy

performed

by

the

intermediate

substance. In this case, the intermediate substance

is steam.
These

sorts

of

theoretical

investigations

culminated in the 1876 publication of the Gibbs'

famous work On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous
Substances and in the construction of the Gibbs
governor, shown adjacent. These formulations are
ubiquitous today in the natural sciences in the form
of the Gibbs' free energy equation, which is used to
4

determine the equilibrium of chemical reactions;

also known as Gibbs equilibrium.[2]

Speed limiters
This

section

needs

additional

citations

for

verification. Please help improve this article by

adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
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Main article: Speed limiter
Governors can be used to limit the top speed for
vehicles, and for some classes of vehicle such
devices are a legal requirement. They can more
generally be used to limit the rotational speed of
the internal combustion engine or protect the
engine from damage due to excessive rotational
speed.

Cars
Today, BMW, Audi, Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz
limit their production cars to 250 kilometres per
hour (155 mph). Certain Quattro GmbH and AMG
cars,

and

the

Mercedes/McLaren

SLR

is

an

exception. The BMW Rolls-Royces are limited to

240 kilometres per hour (149 mph). Jaguars,
although British, also have a limiter, as do the
Swedish Saab and Volvo on cars where it is
necessary.
German

manufacturers

initially

started

the

"gentlemen's agreement", electronically limiting

their vehicles to a top speed of 250 kilometres per
hour (155 mph),[3][4] since such high speeds are
more likely on the Autobahn. This was done to
6

reduce the political desire to introduce a legal

speed limit.
In

European

markets,

General

Motors

Europe

sometimes choose to discount the agreement,

meaning

that

certain

high-powered

Opel

or

Vauxhall cars can exceed the 250 kilometres per

hour (155 mph) mark, whereas their Cadillacs do
not. Ferrari, Lamborghini, Maserati, Porsche, Aston
Martin and Bentley also do not limit their cars, at
least not to 250 kilometres per hour (155 mph).
The Chrysler 300C SRT8 is limited to 270 km/h.
Most

Japanese

domestic

market

vehicles

are

limited to only 180 kilometres per hour (112 mph)

or 190 kilometres per hour (118 mph).[5] The top
speed is a strong sales argument, though speeds
above about 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph)
are not likely reachable on public roads.[citation
needed]
Many performance cars are limited to a speed of
250 kilometres per hour (155 mph)[6] to limit
insurance costs of the vehicle, and reduce the risk
of tires failing.[citation needed]
Mopeds

Mopeds in the United Kingdom have had to have a

30 mph (48 km/h) speed limiter since 1977.[7]
Most other European countries have similar rules
(see the main article).
Public services vehicles
Public service vehicles often have a legislated top
speed. Scheduled coach services in the United
kingdom (and also bus services) are limited to 65
mph.[8]
Urban public buses often have speed governors
which are typically set to between 65 kilometres
per hour (40 mph) and 100 kilometres per hour (62
mph).[citation needed]
Trucks (HGVs)[edit]
All heavy vehicles in Europe and New Zealand have
law/by-law governors that limits their speeds to 90
kilometres per hour (56 mph) or 100 kilometres per
hour (62 mph).[citation needed]
Example uses
Aircraft propellers are another application. The
governor senses shaft RPM, and adjusts or controls
the angle of the blades to vary the torque load on

the engine. Thus as the aircraft speeds up (as in a

dive) or slows (in climb) the RPM is held constant.
Small engines
Small engines, such as used to power lawn
mowers, portable generators, and lawn and garden
tractors, are equipped with a governor to fuel limit
the engine to a maximum safe speed when
unloaded and to maintain a relatively constant
speed despite changes in loading. In the case of
generator applications, the engine speed must be
closely controlled so the output frequency of the
generator will remain reasonably constant.
Small engine governors are typically one of three
types:
Pneumatic: the governor mechanism detects air
flow from the flywheel blower used to cool an aircooled engine. The typical design includes an air
vane mounted inside the engine's blower housing
and linked to the carburetor's throttle shaft. A
spring pulls the throttle open and, as the engine
gains speed, increased air flow from the blower
forces the vane back against the spring, partially
closing

the

throttle.

Eventually

point

of

equilibrium will be reached and the engine will run

9

at

relatively

constant

speed.

Pneumatic

governors are simple in design and inexpensive to

produce. However, they do not regulate engine
speed very accurately and are affected by air
density, as well as external conditions that may
influence airflow.
Centrifugal: a flyweight mechanism driven by the
engine is linked to the throttle and works against a
spring in a fashion similar to that of the pneumatic
governor,

resulting

in

essentially

identical

operation. A centrifugal governor is more complex

to design and produce than a pneumatic governor.
However, the centrifugal design is more sensitive
to speed changes and hence is better suited to
engines

that

experience

large

fluctuations

in

loading.

10

Turbine controls
File:From Turbine to Line Shaft.webm
Operation of a flyball governor to control speeds of
a water turbine
In steam turbines, the steam turbine governing is
the procedure of monitoring and controlling the
flow rate of steam into the turbine with the
objective of maintaining its speed of rotation as
constant. The flow rate of steam is monitored and
controlled by interposing valves between the boiler
and the turbine.[9]
In water turbines, the governors have been used
since the mid-19th century to control the speeds of
the turbines. A variety of flyball systems were used
during

the

first

100

years

of

water

turbine

governors. Flyball component acted directly to the

value of the turbine or the wicket gate to control
the amount of water that enters the turbines. A
newer system with mechanical governors started
around 1880. An early mechanical governors is a
servomechanism that comprises a series of gears
that use the turbine's speed to drive the flyball and
turbine's power to drive the control mechanism.
11

The mechanical governors were continued to be

enhanced. By 1930, the mechanical governors had
many parameters that could be set on the
feedback system for precise controls. In the later
part of the twentieth century, electronic governors
and

digital

systems

started

to

replace

the

mechanical governors.[10]
Other uses of the term[edit]

12

TYPES OF GOVERNOR
1-Centrefugal GOVERNOR
It consists of two balls of mass which are
attached to the mass as shown in figure.
ARM

FLY-BALL

SPINDL
E
FLY-BALL

LINK

SLEEVE

BAVEL GEAR

THROTTLE VALVE

These balls are known as governor balls and fly balls. The balls revolve
with a spindle which is driven by the engine through bevel gears. The
upper end of the arm are pivoted to the spindle, so that the balls may rise
up or fall down as the revolve about the vertical axis. The arms connected

13

by the links to a sleeve which is keyed to the spindle. This sleeve

revolves with the
spindle but can slide up and down. The balls and sleeve rises when the
spindle speed increases and falls when the speed decreases. In order to
limit the travel of a sleeve in up word and down word directions, two
stops s,s are provided on the spindle. The sleeve is connected by a ball
crank lever to a throttle valve. The supply of working fluids decreases
when the sleeve rises and increases when falls.
When the load on the engine increases the engine and governor
speed decreases. This results in the decreases of centrifugal forces on the
balls. Hence the ball move in words and the sleeve moves down words.
The down word movement of the sleeve operates a throttle valve at the
other end of the ball crank lever to increase the supply of working fluid
and thus the engine speed is increased. In this case the extra power output
is provided to balance
the increased load.
When the load on the engine decreases, the engine of the g speed
increase which results in the increase of centrifugal force on the balls.
Thus the balls move outward and the sleeve rise upwards. This upwards
movement of the sleeve reduces the supply of working fluid and hence
the speed is decreased. In this case the power output is reduced.
WATT GOVERNOR
The simplest form of centrifugal governor is Watt g
is shown in figure.

14

It is basically a conical pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of

negligible mass. The arms of governor may be connected to the
spindle is following for three ways.
1. The pivot P may be on spindle axis as shown in the figure (a).
2. The pivot P may be offset from the spindle axis and the arms
when produced intersect at O as in figure b.
The point P may be offset but the arms cross the axis at o as shown in
figure c.
Let ,
m = Mass of ball
W = Weight of ball
T = Tension in arm
r = Radius
fc = Centrifugal force
h = Height of governor
w = Angular velocity
N = Spindle r.p.m.
It is the assumed that the weight of the arms, links and the sleeve are
negligible as compared to the weight of the balls. Now the balls in
equilibrium under the action of
1. Centrifugal force (fc)
2. Tension of arm (T)
3. Weight of ball (w)
15

Taking moment about O

Fc h = w r
m w r h = mg r
w h=g
h=g /w

[w = 2N/

60]
[g = 9.81 m/s
]
h = 9.81/(2N/ 60)

[9.81/(2N/ 60)

]
h = 895 / N

[9.81 / (4 9.8696 N/

3600)]
N = Spindle r.p.m.
QUESTION # 1
Calculate the vertical height of a watt governor . When it
rotates at 60 r.p.m.also . Find the change in vertical height when its speed
increases to 61 r.p.m.
h1= 895 / N
h1=895 / 60
h1= 0.248 mm
h2= 895 / (61)
h2= 0.240 mm
Change vertical height = h1- h2
= 0.248 0.240
= 0.008 m Ans.

PORTER GOVERNOR
16

The porter governor is a modification of a watt

governor with central load attached to the sleeve as shown below.

The load moves up and down the central spindle. Thos additional down
word force increases the speed of revolution required to enable the ball
to rise to any predetermined level .
Consider the force acting on one half of the governor as shown
below.

Let
m = Mass of each ball in kg.
w or mg = Weight of each ball in Newton = mg
M = Weight of central load in kg.

= Mg

r = Radius of rotation in meters.

h = Height of governor in meters.
w = Angular speed of balls in rad. / sec.
= 2N/ 60 rad. / sec

17

Fc = Centrifugal force acting on each ball in

Newton
= mw r
T1 = Tension in the arm in Newton .
T2 = Tension in the link in Newton .
= Angle of inclination of the arm to the vertical.
= Angle of inclination of the link to the vertical.
There are several ways of determining the relation between the height of
governor (h) and the angular speed of the balls (w). The following two
methods are important from subject point of view .
1. Method of relation of forces.
2. Instantaneous centre method.

18

1.

Method

of

relation

of

forces:
Considering the equilibrium of
forces acting at D we have,
T2 cos = W / 2
T2 cos = Mg / 2
T2 = Mg / 2 cos

(1)

Again considering the equilibrium of forces acting on B. The Bis in

equilibrium under the action of the following forces.
I. Weight of the ball.
II. Centrifugal force.
III. Tension in arms.
IV. Tension in the link.
Resolving the forces vertically,
T1 cos = T2 cos + W
T1 cos = mg + Mg / 2

(2)

Resolving the forces horizontally ,

T1 sin + T2 sin = Fc
T1 sin = Mg / 2 cos . sin = Fc
T1 sin + Mg / 2 .tan = Fc
T1 sin = Fc - Mg / 2 .tan

(3)

Dividing eg (3) by eg (2),

T1 sin = Fc - Mg / 2 .tan
T1 cos = mg + Mg / 2
(mg + Mg / 2) tan = Fc Mg / 2. tan
19

mg + Mg / 2 = Fc / tan - Mg / 2 . tan / tan

Substituting.
tan / tan = q

tan = r / h

mg + Mg / 2 = m .w .r.h / r - Mg / 2 . q
mg + Mg / 2 = m .w .r.h - Mg / 2 . q
mg + Mg / 2 + Mg / 2 . q = m .w .h
mg + Mg / 2(1 + q) = m .w .h
[m + M / 2 (1 + 2)g] / m .w = m .w .h / m .w
h = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m = g / w

(4)

w = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m g / h
(2N/ 60) = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m g / h
39.44 N / 3600 = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m 9.81 / h
3600 39.44 N / 3600 = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m 9.81 / h
3600
39.44 N

= [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m 35316 / h

39.44 N / 29.44 = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m 35316 / h 39.44

N =

[m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m 895 / h
N

[m + M / 2] / m 895 / h

(5)
When the length of arms are equal to the length and the points P and D
lie on the same vertical line then ,
tan = tan
q = tan / tan = 1
There equation (5) be comes,
N =

[m + M ] / m 895 / h

(6)

QUESTION # 2
A porter governor has equal arms each 250 mm long and
pivoted on the axis of rotation. Each ball has a mass of 5kg and the mass
20

of load on the sleeve is 15kg. the radius of rotation of the ball is 150 mm.
When the governor being to lift and 200 mm when the governor is at
maximum speed. Find the minimum and maximum speed and range of
speed of the governor.

BP = BD = 250 mm =0.25 m
m = 5kg
M = 15 kg
r1 = 150 mm = 0.15m
r2 = 200 mm = 0.2m
For minimum speed when r1 = BG = 0.15 m
(N1) = m + M / m 895 / h1
h1 = (250) - (150)
h1 = 200 mm
h1 = 0.2 m
(N1) = m + M / m 895 / h1
(N1) = 5 + 15 / 5 895 / 0.2
(N1) = 4 4475
N1 = 17900
N1 =

133.79 r.p.m.

For maximum speed

21

(N2) = m + M / m 895 / h2
h2

= (250) - (200)

h2

= 150 mm

h2

0.15 m

(N2) = m + M / m 895 / h2
(N2) = 5 + 15 / 5 895 / 0.15
(N2) = 4 5966.67
N2 = 23866.67
N2 =

154.5 r.p.m.

Range of increase of speed = N2 - N1

= 154.5 133.79
=

20.71 r.p.m.

Question # 3
The arms of porter governor are each 250 mm long and
pivoted on the governor axis. The mass of each ball is 5kg and mass of
the central sleeve is 30kg. The radius of rotation of ball is 150 mm when
the sleeve being to rise and reaches a value of 200 mm maximum speed.
Determine the speed of governor. If the friction of the sleeve is equivalent
of 20N load of
the sleeve. Determine how the speed range is modified.

22

(N1) = m + M / m 895 / h1
h1 = (250) - (150)
h1 = 200 mm
h1 = 0.2 m
(N1) = 5 + 30 / 5 895 / 0.2
(N1) =

7 4475

N1 = 31325
N1 = 176.98 r.p.m.
(N2) = m + M / m 895 / h2
h2

= (250) - (200)

h2

= 150 mm

h2

0.15 m

(N2) = m + M / m 895 / h2
(N2) = 5 + 30 / 5 895 / 0.15
(N2) = 7 5966.67
N2 = 41766.69
N2 = 204.36 r.p.m.
Range increase speed = N2 - N1
= 204.36 176.98
= 27.38 r.p.m.
When ,

F = 20 N
(N1) = mg + (Mg F) / mg 895 / h1
[ For minimum position
Friction show be

Minus]
(N1) = 5 9.81 + (30 9.81 - 20) / 5 9.81 895 /
0.2
23

(N1) = 49.05 + 274.3 / 49.05 4475

(N1) = 49.05 + 274.3 / 49.05 4475

(N1) = 6.6 4475
N1

= 29535

N1 = 171.8 r.p.m.
(N2) = mg + (Mg + F) / mg 895 / h2

[ For maximum
position
Friction show be
positive]
(N 2) = 5 9.81 + (30 9.81 + 20) / 5 9.81 895 /
0.15
(N2) = 49.05 + 314.3 / 49.05 5966.7
(N2) = 7.4 5966.7
N2 = 44153.58
N2

= 210.12 r.p.m.

Modified range of speed of governor = N2 - N1

= 210.12 171.8
= 38.37 r.p.m.
Question # 4
In an engine governor of porter type, the upper and lower
arms are 200 mm and 250 mm respectively and pivoted on the axis of
rotation. The mass of the central load is 15kg, the arms of each ball is 2kg
and friction of the sleeve together with resistance of the operating gear is
equal to a load of 24N at the sleeve. If the linking inclination of the upper
arms to the vertical to the 30 degree and 40 degree. Find range of speed
of governor, taking friction in to account.
24

BP = 200 mm = 0.2 m
BD = 250 mm =0.25 m
M = 15kg
m = 2kg
F = 24 N
1 = 30
2 = 40
Range of speed of governor = n n = ?
For minimum position
(N 1) = mg + (Mg F / 2)(1 + q) / mg 895 /
h1
r1 = BG = BP sin30
r1 = 200 0.5
r1 =100 mm
r1 = 0.1 m
h1 = BP cos 30
h1 = 200
h1 = 0.1732 m
q1 = tan1 / tan1
tan1 = tan 30 = 0.5774
tan1 = ?
25

(BD) = (BG) + (DG)

(DG) = (BD) - (BG)
(DG) = (0.250) - (0.1)
(DG) = 0.0625 0.01
DG = 0.0525
DG = 0.2291 m
tan1 = r1 / DG
tan1 = 0.1 / 0.2291
tan1 = 0.4364
q1 = tan1 / tan1
q1 = 0.4364 / 0.5774
q1 = 0.753
(N1) = [mg + {Mg F} / 2 (1 + q)] / mg 895 / h1
(N1)

= [2 9.81 {15 9.81 24}/ 2 (1 + 0.753)]/ 2 9.81 895 /

0.1732
(N1) = [19.6 + {61.5} (1.753)] / 19.6 5167.43
(N1) = [19.6 + 107.8] / 19.6 5167.43
(N1) = 127.4 / 19.6 5167.43
(N1) = 6.5 5167.43
(N1) = 33588.3
(N1) = 33588.3
N1 = 183.3 r.p.m.
For maximum position
(N2) = [mg + {Mg + F }/ 2(1 + q2)] / mg 895 / h2
r2 = BG = BP sin40
r2 = 200 0.64
r2 = 0.2 0.64
r2 = 0.128 m
26

h2 = BP cos 40
h2= 200 0.766
h2= 0.2 0.766
h2= 0.153 m
(BD) = (BG) + (DG)
(DG) = (BD) - (BG)
(DG) = (0.250) - (0.128)
(DG) = 0.0625 0.01638
DG = 0.04612
DG = 0.214 m
q2 = tan2 / tan2
tan2 = tan 40 = 0.839
tan2 = r2 / DG
tan2 = 0.128 / 0.2146
tan2 = 0.596
q2 = tan2 / tan2
q2 = 0.596 / 0.839
q2 = 0.7105
(N2) = [mg + {Mg + F }/ 2(1 + q2)] / mg 895 / h2
(N2)

= [2 9.81 {15 9.81 + 24} / 2(1 + 0.7105)] / 2 9.81 895 /

0.153
(N2) = [19.6 + {85.57}(1.753)] / 19.6 5849.6732
(N2) = [19.6 + 150] / 19.6 5849.6732
(N2) = 169.6 / 19.6 5849.6732
(N2) = 8.65 5849.6732
(N2) = 50599.673
(N2) = 50599.673
N2 = 224.94 r.p.m.
Range of speed of governor = N2 - N1
27

= 224.94 183.3
= 41.69 r.p.m.

39.18 r.p.m.

Problem # 05:A porter Governor has four arms 250mm long. The upper
arms are attached on the axis of rotation and lower arms attached to
the sleeve at distance of 30mm from the axis. The mass of each ball is
5kg and the sleeve has mass of 50kg. The external radiuses of rotation
are 150mm and 200mm. Determine the range of speed of the
governor.
Given Data:BP = 250mm,
m = 5kg,

BG = 150mm

M = 50kg

Solution:First we find h1 for minimum speed,

PG

BP BG
2

h1

0.250

0.150

0.0625 0.0225

0.04

h1 0.2m

Now find tan 1

tan 1

BG 0.15

0.75
h1
0.2

Now find tan 1

28

 FD

BD BF
2

0.250

0.12

0.0625 0.0144
0.0481
0.2193 mm
Put the value in Eq.
BF
0.12
tan 1

0.547
FD 0.2193
Putting the values of tan 1 & tan 1 in q1
q1

tan 1 0.547

0.729
tan 1 0.750

Putting the values in Eq.

M
m
(1 q1 )
895
2
2

N1
m
h1
50
(1 0.729)
895
2

5
0.2
48.225 895

5
0.2
207.75 r. p.m
5

Now, find the maximum speed, where r2=0.2 m

PG

BP BF
2

0.25

0.2

0.0625 0.04 0.0225

h2 0.15 m
Now find tan 2
tan 2

r2
0.2

1.333
h2 0.15

putting the values for tan 2

FD

BD r2

0.25

0.17 0.0625 0.0289

2

0.0336
FD 0.1833 m
r
0.17
tan 2 2
0.928
FD 0.1833
Putting the values of tan 2 & tan 2 in q2
q2

tan 2 0.928

0.69
tan 2 1.333
29

Putting the values for find the maximum speed,

N2

M
(1 q2 )
895
2

m
h2

50
(1 0.69)
895 47.42 895
2

56564.03
5
0.15
5
0.15
N 2 237.83 r. p.m
5

Now, find range of speed ,

N 2 N1 237.83 207.75
N 2 N1 30.08 r. p.m

Problem # 06:The arms of a porter governor are 300mm long. The upper
arms are pivoted on the axis of the rotation. The lower arms are
attached to sleeve at distance of 40mm from axis of rotation. The
mass of the load on the sleeve is 70kg and mass of each ball is 10kg.
Determine the equilibrium speed when the radius of the rotation of
the balls is 200mm. If the friction is equitant to a load of 20Nat the
sleeve, what will be the range of speed for this position.
Given Data:BP = BD = 300mm = 0.3m

BG = 200mm = 0.2m,

F=

20N
m = 10kg,

M = 70kg

Solution:-

30

Find the value of h

GP

BP BG

0.3

0.2

0.16

0.05 0.2236 m
BG
0.2
tan

0.8944
PG 0.2236

FD

BP BF

0.3

0.0644 0.253 m
BF
0.16
tan

0.630
BD 0.253
Putting the values of tan & tan in q
tan
0.630
q

0.704
tan 0.8944

Now, find average speed of governor

N2

M
(1 q )
895
2

m
h

70
1 0.704 895 69.64 895
2

10
0.2236
10
0.2236
27874.686 166.95 r. p.m
10

Now, find minimum speed,

N1

Mg

F 1 q
895
2

mg
h

mg

70 9.81
10 1 0.704
895
2

10 9.81
0.2236
98.1 (333)(1.704)
895
895

6.79
98.1
0.2236
0.2236
N1 164.7 r. p.m
10 9.81

Now, find maximum speed,

31

 N2

mg Mg F
mg

895
h

70 9.81
10 1 0.704
895
2

10 9.81
0.2236
98.1 (353) (1.704)
895
895

7.137
98.1
0.2236
0.2236
N 2 169 r. p.m
10 9.81

Now, find range of speed

N 2 N1 169 164.7
N 2 N1 4.25 r. p.m

Problem # 08:All arms of a porter governor are 178mm long and are
hinged at a distance of 38mm from the axis of rotation. The mass of
each ball is 1.15kg and mass of sleeve is 20kg. The governor sleeve
begins to rise at 280 r.p.m, when the links are at angle of 30 o to the
vertical. Assuming the friction force to be constant. Determine the
minimum and maximum speed of rotation, when the inclination of
the arms to the vertical is 45o.
Given Data:M = 20kg,

m = 1.15kg,

BP = BD = 178mm,

N=280 r.p.m
300

Solution:-

32

r
r
sin 30o
BP
0.178
o
r 0.178 sin sin 30 0.089
r 0.089 0.038 r 0.127 m
r
0.127
tan tan 30o
h
h
0.127
h
h 0.22m
tan 30o
mg Mg F 895
N2

mg
h

sin

N 2 mg h
F
mg Mg
895

280 1.15 9.81 0.22

1.15 9.81 20 9.81

895
217.41 207.48
F 9.99 N

45o
r
0.127
0.127
tan tan 45o
h1
0.127 m
h
h1
tan 45o

N1

mg Mg F
mg

895
h1

1.15 9.81 20 9.81 9.99 895

0.127
1.15 9.81

17.51

895
N1 123405.01 351.29 r. p.m
0.127

Find r,
r
r
sin 45o
BP
0.178
o
r sin 45 0.178 0.125m 0.038m 0.163m h

sin

33

Find minimum speed,

N1

mg Mg F
mg

895
h

1.15 9.81 20 9.81 9.99 895

0.163
1.15 9.81

895
310.07 r. p.m
0.163
Find maximum speed,
N1 17.51

N2

mg Mg F

mg

895
h

1.15 9.81 20 9.81 9.99 895

0.163
1.15 9.81

895
325.29 r. p.m
0.163
Now, find range of speed ,
N 2 N1 325.29 310.07
N 2 19.27

N 2 N1 15.24 r. p.m

Problem # 07:A loaded porter governor has four links each 250mm long. Two
revolving masses each of 3kg and a central dead weight of mass 20kg. All
the links are attached to respective sleeve at radial distances of 40mm
from the axis of rotation. The mass revolves at a radius of 150mm at
minimum speed and at a radius of 200 mm at minimum speed. Determine
the range of speed.
Given Data:
r1 150mm,

r2 200mm

m 3kg ,

M 20kg

Solution:

34

find h1 & 1 ,

FP

BO BF
2

0.25

0.11 0.0504 0.224m

2

BF
0.11

0.491
PF 0.224
1 tan 1 0.491 26.15o
tan 1

tan 1

0.15
0.15
h1
0.305m
h1
tan 26.15o

find minimum speed,

m M 895 3 20 895
2

N1
m
h1
3
0.305
7.67 2934.46 22507.04
N1 149.99 r. p.m

find h2 & 2 ,

FP

BO BF
2

0.25

0.16 0.0369 0.192m

2

BF
0.16

0.8329
PF 0.192
2 tan 1 0.8329 39.79o
tan 2

tan 2

0.2
0.2
h2
0.240m
h2
tan 39.79o

find maximum speed,

m M 895 3 20 895
2

N2
m
h2
3
0.240
7.67 3729.167 28602.708
N 2 169.123 r. p.m
Now, find range of speed,
N 2 N1 169.123 149.99
N 2 N1 19.13 r. p.m

35

PROELL GOVERNOR

Fc BM = w IM +

W
2

Mg
2

Fc BM = mg IM +
Fc = mg
Fc =

IM
BM

ID
(IM + MD)

MD
Mg IM

2 BM BM

IM Mg IM
MD
FM
mg

FM
BM
2 BM BM

Fc =

IM Mg IM
MD
FM
mg

BM
FM
2 FM FM

Fc =

Mg
FM
tan tan
mg tan

2
BM

Fc =

FM
BM

Mg
tan
tan mg 2 1 tan

Fc =

FM
BM

tan

Fc = mwr
q =

mg

Mg
1 q
2

tan =

r
h

tan
tan
r

FM
BM

mw =

FM
BM

w =

FM
BM

mwr =

Mg

mg 2 1 q

Mg

mg 2 1 q

mg 2 1 q

g
h

36

w =
2N

60

2N
60
FM
BM

FM
BM

FM
BM

m 2 1 q

m 2 1 q

9.81 3600
h 4 9.86

m 2 1 q

g
h

895
h

QUESTION # 1
A proell governor has equal arms of length 300 mm. The
upper and lower ends of the arms are pivoted on the axis of governor. The
extension arms of lower links are each 80 mm long and parallel to the
axis. When the radii of rotation of the balls are 150 mm and 200 mm. the
mass of each ball is 10 kg and the mass of central load is 100 kg.
Determine the range of the speed of the governor.

r1 = 150 mm = .15 m
r2 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
m =10 kg
M =100 kg
BF = 80 mm = 0.08 m
37

 FP 2 = PG 2 + FG 2
300 2 = h 2 + 150 2

h12 = 300 2 - 150 2

h1 = 300 2 - 150 2
h1 = (0.3)2 (0.15)2
h1 = PG = 0.26 m
FM = PG = GD = 0.26 m
BM = BF + FM
BM = 0.08 + 0.26
BM = 0.34 m
FM
BM

N12 =

0.26
0.34

N12 =

mM

895
h

10 100
10

895
0.26

N12 = 0.764 11 3442.3

N12 = 28929
N1 = 28929
N1 = 170 r.p.m.
For maximum position
FP 2 = PG 2 + FG 2

300 2 = h 22 + 200 2
h 22

= 300 2 - 200 2
= 300 2 - 200 2

h 22

h 22

= (0.3)2 (0.2)2

h2

= PG = 0.224 m

h2

= PG = FM = 0.224 m
BM = h 2 + BF
BM = 0.224 + 0.08
BM = 0.304 m
38

N 22 = FM m M

BM

N 22 =

0.304
0.24

10 100
10

895
h2
895
0.224

N 22 = 0.736 11 3995.535
N 22 = 32347.851
N2

= 32347.851

N2

=180 r.p.m.

RANGE OF THE SPEED

= N2 N1
= 180 - 170
= 10 r.p.m.

Question # 2
A governor of proell type has each arm 250 mm long. The
pivots of the upper and the lower arms are 25 mm from the axis. The
central load acting on the sleeve has a mass of 25 kg and each rotating
ball has a mass of 3.2 kg. when the governor sleeve is in mid position the
extension link of the lower arm is vertical and the radius of the path of
rotation of the masses is 175 mm. the vertical height of the governor is
200 mm. if the governor speed is 160 r.p.m. when is mid position, Find
1. length of the extension link.
2. Tension of the upper arm.

39

m = 3.2 kg
M = 25 kg
R = 175 mm = 0.175 m
h = 200 mm = 0.2 m
N = 160 r.p.m
BF = ?
BM = FM + BF
FM
FM BF

N12 =

mM

895
h

160 2

0.2 3.2 25 895

0.2 BF
3. 2
0. 2

160 2

0.2
8.812 4475
0.2 BF

160 2

0.2
39433.7
0.2 BF

160 2
39433.7
0.649

0.2
0.2 BF

0.2
0.2 BF

0.649 0.2 BF = 0.2

0. 2
0.649

0.2 BF =

BF = 0.308 0.2
BF = 0.108 m

T1cos = mg +

Mg
2

40

0.2
T1 0.25

25 9.81

3.2 9.81
=

T1 0.8 = 31.392 122.625

T1 0.8 = 154
T1 =

154
0.8

T1 = 192.5

Sensitivity of Governor

41

Consider two governors A and B running at a

same speed. When the speed is increases or decreases by a certain
amount, the life of the sleeve of governor A is grater
than the life of sleeve of governor B. it is then said that the governor
A is more sensitivity than the governor B.
In general the greater the life of the sleeve corresponding to a given
frictional change in speed, the greater is the sensitiveness of the governor.
It may also be stated in another way that for a given life of the sleeve, the
sensitiveness of the governor increases as the speed range decreases. This
definition of sensitiveness may be quite satisfactory when the governor
is considered as an independent mechanism. But when the governor is
fitted to an engine, the practical requirement is simply that the change of
equilibrium speed from the full load to the low load position of the sleeve
should be as small a fraction as possible of the mean equilibrium speed.
The sensitiveness is define as the ratio of difference between the
maximum and the minimum equilibrium speed to the mean equilibrium
speed.
Let
N1 = Minimum equilibrium speed.
N2 = Maximum equilibrium speed.
N = mean equilibrium speed. =

sensitiveness of governor =

N1 N 2
2

N 2 N1
N

2 N 2 N 1

= N N
1
2

42

Huntin
g
A governor is set to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuates
continuously above an below the mean speed. This is cussed a too
sensitive governor which changes the fuel supply by a large amount
when a small change in the speed of rotation takes place . for example
when the load on the engine increases the engine speed decreases and if
the governor is very sensitive , the governor sleeve immediately falls to
its lowest position. This will results in the opening of the control ball
wide which will supply the fuel to the engine in excess of its requirement
so that the engine speed rapidly increases again and the governor speed
rises to its highest position. Due to this movement of the sleeves the
control value will cut off the fuel supply the engine and thus the engine
seeped begin to fall once again. This cycle is repeated indefinitely.
Such a governor may admit either the maximum or minimum
amount of fuel. The effect this will be to cause wide flocculation in the
engine speed or in other words the engine will hunt.
Stability of Governor
A governor is said to be stable when for every speed
within the working range there is definite configuration i,e, there is one
radius of rotation of the governor balls at which the governor is in
equilibrium. For stable governor if the equilibrium speed increase the
radius of governor ball must also increased.

43